$126M NIH grant to help map the brain, study diseases like Alzheimer's

• There is still much scientists do not know about the human brain.
• The Salk Institute recently launched the Center for Multiomic Human Brain Cell Atlas to better understand how brain cells work and change as we grow older.
• Experts hope findings from the new Center will help create potential therapies for brain-related diseases like Alzheimer’s.

For such an important organ in the body, there is still quite a lot we do not know about the human brain. While we may understand what different areas of the brain do, much is still unknown about how the 86 billion neurons in the brain communicate with each other. And researchers are still working to uncover how the brain changes through neurological disorders.

Now researchers at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, CA, are hoping to increase our knowledge of the brain through the launching of the Center for Multiomic Human Brain Cell Atlas.

Center researchers plan to better understand how all the individual cells in the brain work and how they change as the body ages. They also hope to use their work to create potential therapies for brain-related diseases.

Mapping human brain cells

The new Center for Multiomic Human Brain Cell Atlas is reportedly part of the BRAIN Initiative at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It is funded through a five-year, $126 million grant from the NIH.

The Center’s work builds upon a five-year project called the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network aimed at mapping all the cells in a mouse brain and how they work together.

“Similar to the way we learned about space travel from short trips to the moon, the mouse brain mapping project taught us a lot about how to approach a much bigger brain and the types of genomic information we would need to be able to truly map the human brain,” explains Dr. Joseph Ecker, director of the Genomic Analysis Laboratory at the Salk Institute, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator, and leader of the new Center.

“This project is an example of how fruitful teamwork can be in science — these types of projects cannot be accomplished in a single lab,” Dr. Ecker said.

Center researchers will study 1,500 brain samples from 50 regions of 30 human brains of various ages. From every cell in each brain region, scientists plan to isolate each nucleus — the part of the cell containing the cell’s genetic material. Researchers will also record each cell’s molecular details, including its chromatin architecture — the 3D structure of the cell’s chromosomes — and DNA methylation, or how the cell’s DNA acts when a specific chemical tag is added to it.

Medical News Today spoke with Dr. David W. Dodick, emeritus professor, distinguished investigator, and distinguished educator at the Mayo Clinic, chair of the American Brain Foundation, and co-chair of the Atria Academy of Science and Medicine, about the new research project.

“This collaborative interdisciplinary research will use some of the most advanced methods to identify the molecular signature of each brain cell and promises to unlock the secrets of how the brain ages, as well as how alterations over time in the genetic material and the proteins produced lead to different brain diseases,” said Dr. Dodick. “This knowledge could facilitate the development of strategies and treatments that prevent, treat, and cure brain diseases.”

What is epigenetics? 

For its research, the Center will reportedly focus mainly on epigenetics. Epigenetics, which means “in addition to changes in genetic sequence,” studies any process that changes gene activity without physically altering DNA.

As discussed above, DNA methylation is an example of an epigenetic change. Epigenetic changes occur throughout a person’s lifetime due to certain environmental changes or behaviors, such as physical activity and diet. Your genes can also change due to aging and certain diseases like cancer and infections.

“Essentially, we want to take millions, even hundreds of millions of brain cells, learn everything we can about their epigenetics and how their chromatin is arranged, and project them in a spatial context so we can see where these cells live and understand how all of the cells in any brain region are organized, and at any age,” Ecker said. “At the moment, we have almost no data like that for the human brain.”

According to Dr. Santosh Kesari, a neurologist at Providence Saint John’s Health Center in Santa Monica, CA, and regional medical director for the Research Clinical Institute of Providence Southern California, studying epigenetics provides a broader way of looking gene expression — the process where our genes turn “on” to produce RNA and cellular proteins or turn “off” to serve a different function.

“It’s a more complex analysis because it gives us a global view,” he explained to MNT. “It tells you what genes are turned on, what genes are turned off, and at what level. And then we can use that to figure out what genes may be associated with diseases. And really immediately gives us ideas about how to maybe affect the disease by modulating particular genes.”

Implications for treating brain-related diseases

By having a better understanding of how all the cells in the brain work, Center researchers plan to use that information to establish a baseline scientists can use to compare brains with neurological and psychological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, autism, depression, and traumatic brain injury.

“The brain map we develop could help point disease researchers in the right direction — for example, we could say ‘That’s the region of the genome, in that specific subset of neurons, in that part of the brain, where a molecular event goes awry to cause that disease,’” Ecker details. “And ultimately this information might help us design gene therapies that target only the cell populations where the treatment is needed — delivering the right genes to the right place at the right time.”

“We’ve understood the disorders to some extent with imaging and doing bulk analysis of brains or areas of the brain, but I think we’re just going to learn even more,” Dr. Kesari added. “The reality is there are many different types of cells in the brain. In the area of injury or in the area of Alzheimer’s plaque, what happens in that microenvironment and how (do) those cells contribute to causing disease is unknown. But now (if) you can study every single cell, so you may get insights that are very unexpected and lead to better treatment options and ideas.”

Source: Read Full Article